Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition in which T cells target hair follicles, leading to non-scarring hair loss. While often transient, chronic alopecia areata refers to a persistent or relapsing disease that lasts more than 12 months and poses greater therapeutic challenges. As scientific understanding grows, AA is shifting from being viewed as a cosmetic concern to a chronic,...
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the progressive destruction of melanocytes, leading to depigmented white patches on the skin. Once misunderstood as a purely cosmetic issue, vitiligo is now being recognized as an immune-mediated condition with systemic implications and psychosocial burdens. With advances in immunodermatology, new biologics and topical innovations...
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a progressive kidney disease marked by scarring (sclerosis) in segments of the glomeruli—the key filtering units of the kidney. Traditionally classified as a cause of nephrotic syndrome, FSGS is now being understood as a group of distinct diseases unified by shared histologic findings but variable clinical behaviors and etiologies. As...
Sjögren’s disease, also known as Sjögren’s syndrome, is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder primarily targeting exocrine glands, leading to dryness of the eyes and mouth. However, the disease extends well beyond sicca symptoms, involving systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and an increased risk of lymphoma. Once considered a limited autoimmune condition,...
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rare and multifaceted autoimmune disorder defined by immune dysregulation, vasculopathy, and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Once considered a relentlessly progressive disease with limited treatment options, systemic sclerosis is now being transformed by advances in immunomodulation, antifibrotic therapy, and...
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